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Working Group II Definitions

Likelihood of an outcome or result
Virtually certain > 99% probability of occurrence
Extremely likely > 95%
Very likely > 90%
Likely > 66%
More likely than not > 50%
Very unlikely < 10%
Extremely unlikely < 5%.

Confidence in a statement
Very high confidence: At least a 9 out of 10 chance of being correct
High confidence: About an 8 out of 10 chance
Medium confidence: About a 5 out of 10 chance
Low confidence: About a 2 out of 10 chance
Very low confidence: Less than a 1 out of 10 chance

Confidence symbols in the text
*** Very high confidence
** High confidence
* Medium confidence

Key Assumptions

The Working Group II report discusses future impacts "for the range of unmitigated climate changes projected by the IPCC over this century judged to be relevant for people and the environment." Its different scenarios of future emissions of greenhouse gases "do not include additional climate initiatives, which means that no scenarios are included that explicitly assume implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or the emissions targets of the Kyoto Protocol."

Information on Global Warming Mitigation and Climate Protection

Many government agencies have recommendations on what individuals, communities/governments and businesses can do to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and avoid severe global warming. Click on the following links for details on specific actions that can be taken today. There are also resources below specific to agriculture, transportation and other government resources.

WHAT INDIVIDUALS CAN DO:

U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) energy efficiency and renewable energy home page:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/

Tips from DOE for reducing energy consumption:
http://www.doe.gov/energysavingtips.htm

Consumer Guide to energy efficiency and renewable energy from DOE:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 'What you can do' to reduce greenhouse emissions home page:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/index.html

Guide to what individuals can do to reduce their own carbon footprints, from EPA:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/individual.html

"Personal emissions calculator":
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ind_calculator.html

Detailed information on greenhouse gas emissions from waste and what you can do to reduce your impact:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/index.html

Reduce, reuse, recycle program:
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/reduce.htm

Energy Star program, including information, statistics and listing of products that reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
www.energystar.gov

Information about Energy Star lightbulbs:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy site for estimating home energy use, from DOE:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/appliances/index.cfm/mytopic=10040

New York City's "Top 10 Actions to Make Yourself Sustainable," with links to other ways to fight global warming in cities, part of the city's PlaNYC for 2030:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/action/action.shtml

Find out any specific car's fuel economy, and compare it to others; plus information about fuel prices, auto efficiency and alternative fuel vehicles:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

Environment Canada's "what you can do" website, with links for home, work, school, road, yard, communities and more:
http://www.ec.gc.ca/eco/main_e.htm

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WHAT COMMUNITIES AND GOVERNMENTS CAN DO:

'What you can do' website for governments, from EPA:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/index.html

"Clean Cities" program, with detailed links to what cities can do:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/

State and local action programs, from EPA:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/stateandlocal/activities.htm

EPA's landfill emissions energy program, promoting the use of landfill gas as a renewable, green energy source:
http://www.epa.gov/landfill/

U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) program to reduce road congestion/increase public transportation:
http://www.fightgridlocknow.gov/

Urban partnerships by DOT, or what cities can do to reduce road congestion:
http://www.fightgridlocknow.gov/upas.htm for urban partnerships (what cities can do)

Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting at DOT:
http://climate.volpe.dot.gov/

U.K. Government's Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change:
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./independent_reviews/ stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm

Global Environment Facility's page on Climate Change mitigation projects:
http://www.gefweb.org/projects/Focal_Areas/climate/CCProject_types.html

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WHAT BUSINESSES CAN DO:

Energy efficiency and renewable energy home page website from DOE:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/

Guidelines for businesses on improving energy efficiency in buildings and plants:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_index
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines.guidelines_index

EPA's 'What you can do' website for businesses:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/businesses.html

Tools to help businesses determine the greenhouse gas impact of manufacturing and waste practices, from EPA:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/tools.html

Green Power Partnership, a list of partners with EPA and what they are doing to conserve:
http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/partners/gpp_partners.htm

The World Bank on Climate Change, with links to documents on Clean Energy & Development, Managing Climate Risk, and more:
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTCC/ 0,,menuPK:407870~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:407864,00.html

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WHAT THE AGRICUTURE SECTOR CAN DO:

U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) page on global climate change:
http://www.usda.gov/oce/global_change/index.htm
Resources from this page:
http://www.usda.gov/oce/global_change/resources.htm

Natural Resources and Environment Conservation program of U.S.D.A.:
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=CONSERVATION& parentnav=NATURAL_RESOURCES&navtype=RT

Sustainable agriculture home page at U.S.D.A., with suggestions and links for farmers:
http://www.usda.gov/oce/sustainable/agriculture.htm

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization on Climate Change Mitigation:
http://www.fao.org/clim/mitigation_en.htm

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WHAT THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR CAN DO:

U.S. Department of Transportation's program to reduce road congestion/increase public transportation:
http://www.fightgridlocknow.gov/

Urban partnerships, or what cities can do to reduce road congestion:
http://www.fightgridlocknow.gov/upas.htm

Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting at DOT:
http://climate.volpe.dot.gov/

"Clean Cities" program, with detailed links to what cities can do:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/

U.S. government's "It All Adds Up to Cleaner Air" website, designed to help local and state agencies inform people about transportation choices, to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution:
http://www.italladdsup.gov/index.html

Find out any specific car's fuel economy, and compare it to others; plus information about fuel prices, auto efficiency and alternative fuel vehicles:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

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OTHER GOVERNMENT RESOURCES:

Energy Information Administration, with official energy statistics from the U.S. government:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/
http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html

United Nations Environment Program page on climate change:
http://www.unep.org/themes/climatechange/

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
http://unfccc.int/2860.php

"What Can Be Done" page on the UNFCCC site (there are links on this page that could be separated out between Individual and Government):
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/feeling_the_heat/items/2907.php

Environment Canada's website:
www.ec.gc.ca

British Columbia's energy plan for zero net greenhouse gas emissions:
http://www.energyplan.gov.bc.ca/

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Mexico's Environment and Natural Resources Agency:
http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/Pages/inicio.aspx

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